DFO-TDDS enhances dermal thickness and wound remodeling in aged mice. (A) Histological sections of healed wounds treated with DFO-TDDS and untreated wound samples were subjected to trichrome staining. Scale bar: 500um (B) Dermal thickness was calculated from the stained sections and represented in arbitrary units (a.u). Blackbox derivative-free optimization with DFO-TR algorithm - TheClimateCorporation/dfo-algorithm.
In The Elder Scrolls Online the damage of your abilities is scaled with the resource type required to cast specific spells or attacks. When building your character it’s yet another thing you should keep in mind, and try to use a majority of your spells from skill lines that use the same resource. If you’re putting most of your attribute points into magicka and skill points into weapon skills, you won’t get any extra damage on those abilities. Below is a basic list of skill lines categorized by resources required to cast spells within them.
- Magicka: all Class skill lines/spells, Restoration Staff and Destruction Staff, Mages Guild, Vampirism, Undaunted, Light Armor, Soul Magic, Alliance War: Support.
- Stamina: weapon skills (except staves), Fighters Guild, Warewolves, Medium Armor, Heavy Armor, Alliance War: Assault.
Also worth mentioning is light and heavy weapon attacks also gain bonus damage from your stamina pool.
Building a character around this
If you’re building an archer who’s main attacks will be from Bow skill line, then focus your attribute points into a large stamina pool. It will not only enable you to perform more attacks from the same skill line, but also enable you to dodge or sprint more. Furthermore, the damage on all abilities in the Bow skill tree is scaled by your max stamina, making it an obvious choice for this build.
If you want to build some sort of a battlemage — a Sorcerer smacking faces with a melee weapon then you’ll notice your abilities in weapon skills scale with stamina while your class spells scale with magicka. Placing tons of attribute points into both stamina and magicka (plus some in health as well) may not be the most optimal idea. While ESO does allow you to build a unique and flexible character, there are some builds which are less optimal.
An example of a well-rounded build would be a melee DPS Templar with the Aedric Spear class skill line as the main damage source and Light armor for additional magicka bonuses. It’s a very good leveling build that gains additional damage as you increase your magicka. Sprinkling your class abilities with weapon skills like 1H an Shield or Dual Wield is not uncommon, but the abilities in weapon trees will scale off of your stamina of which you potentially won’t have too much.
It’s also important to consider what kind of armor you’ll be using. Light armor gives you bonuses to magicka, while medium will improve your stamina. Thus the aforementioned Templar would often use light armor, while an archer would go with medium. Different types of armour can give you significant bonuses to resources and it’s essential to use the right armor for your build. Even the relatively insignificant racial passives come into play here as every bit helps.
Overcharging
Note: since patch 1.6 soft caps for stats other than Armor and Magic Resist have been removed!
Weapon or Spell Damage, Heath, Stamina, Magicka, and other stats no longer have any soft or hard caps, so you can dump as many points into them as you like.
An important thing to keep in mind is that you can’t just dump all of your attributes into one thing without setting off “overcharge”: a system of diminishing returns. Once you hit the overcharge threshold in any of your character stats placing more emphasis in the same will give you extremely low returns. While a mage would naturally want to increase his magicka pool as much as possible, it’s not always the most optimal way to build a character.
You can gain extra magicka and regeneration from armor, enchants, traits, passive skills, racials and even Mundus stones. Consider spending your attributes more evenly between two main stats as a mage: health and magicka. In fact if you plan on using light armor and plenty of magicka enchants or passives, dumping a lot of points into health can be a good idea: for every attribute point in health you gain +20, while magicka and stamina both give +10 each; meaning spending 10 attribute points into health will give you 200, or 100 of stamina or magicka if spent on those stats respectively. Armor traits and enchants on the other hand have an equal distribution of stats, which means they will give you exactly the same amount of health, magicka or stamina.
Bottom line, it’s best to look at attributes as “support” stats for your equipment which allow you overcome your armor’s lack of particular stat and compliment your character build to enable more diversity. There is no magic formula for spending attributes so if in doubt mix between health and magicka or health and stamina equally.
Conclusion
Thinking about resources required to cast abilities and the damage scaling is just another thing to pay attention to when creating your character build. You should either try to plan your build beforehand with all class and weapon skill trees and especially armor type, or simply find a recommended build from some other more knowledgeable players if you’re afraid of messing up. In the end the damage increase from base attributes isn’t overly potent, so you probably won’t go wrong either way; you can also always respec both your attribute and skill points, although it is fairly costly.
Dfo Ng Proc Dmg Scaling Free
There’s also overcharging to consider: a system of diminishing returns where placing a majority of attributes in the same stat will start yielding significantly low benefits. Overall a good distribution of attribute points, racial passives and armor types can help you make a better character so take it all into account when planning your build.
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(Redirected from Voltage and frequency scaling)
Dynamic voltage scaling is a power management technique in computer architecture, where the voltage used in a component is increased or decreased, depending upon circumstances. Dynamic voltage scaling to increase voltage is known as overvolting; dynamic voltage scaling to decrease voltage is known as undervolting. Undervolting is done in order to conserve power, particularly in laptops and other mobile devices,[1] where energy comes from a battery and thus is limited, or in rare cases, to increase reliability. Overvolting is done in order to increase computer performance.
The term 'overvolting' is also used to refer to increasing static operating voltage of computer components to allow operation at higher speed (overclocking).
Background[edit]
MOSFET-based digital circuits operate using voltages at circuit nodes to represent logical state. The voltage at these nodes switches between a high voltage and a low voltage during normal operation—when the inputs to a logic gate transition, the transistors making up that gate may toggle the gate's output.
Dfo Ng Proc Dmg Scaling Tool
At each node in a circuit is a certain amount of capacitance. Capacitance can be thought of as a measure of how long it takes for a given current to produce a given voltage change. The capacitance arises from various sources, mainly transistors (primarily gate capacitance and diffusion capacitance) and wires (coupling capacitance). Toggling a voltage at a circuit node requires charging or discharging the capacitance at that node; since currents are related to voltage, the time it takes depends on the voltage applied. By applying a higher voltage to the devices in a circuit, the capacitances are charged and discharged more quickly, resulting in faster operation of the circuit and allowing for higher frequency operation.
Methods[edit]
Many modern components allow voltage regulation to be controlled through software (for example, through the BIOS). It is usually possible to control the voltages supplied to the CPU, RAM, PCI, and PCI Express (or AGP) port through a PC's BIOS.
However, some components do not allow software control of supply voltages, and hardware modification is required by overclockers seeking to overvolt the component for extreme overclocks. Video cards and motherboardnorthbridges are components which frequently require hardware modifications to change supply voltages.
These modifications are known as 'voltage mods' in the overclocking community.
Undervolting[edit]
Undervolting is reducing the voltage of a component, usually the processor, reducing temperature and cooling requirements, and possibly allowing a fan to be omitted.
Power[edit]
The switching power dissipated by a chip using static CMOS gates is , where C is the capacitance being switched per clock cycle, V is the supply voltage, and f is the switching frequency,[2] so this part of the power consumption decreases quadratically with voltage. The formula is not exact however, as many modern chips are not implemented using 100% CMOS, but also use special memory circuits, dynamic logic such as domino logic, etc. Moreover, there is also a static leakage current, which has become more and more accentuated as feature sizes have become smaller (below 90 nanometres) and threshold levels lower.
Accordingly, dynamic voltage scaling is widely used as part of strategies to manage switching power consumption in battery powered devices such as cell phones and laptop computers. Low voltage modes are used in conjunction with lowered clock frequencies to minimize power consumption associated with components such as CPUs and DSPs; only when significant computational power is needed will the voltage and frequency be raised.
Some peripherals also support low voltage operational modes. For example, low power MMC and SD cards can run at 1.8 V as well as at 3.3 V, and driver stacks may conserve power by switching to the lower voltage after detecting a card which supports it.
When leakage current is a significant factor in terms of power consumption, chips are often designed so that portions of them can be powered completely off. This is not usually viewed as being dynamic voltage scaling, because it is not transparent to software. When sections of chips can be turned off, as for example on TIOMAP3 processors, drivers and other support software need to support that.
Program execution speed[edit]
The speed at which a digital circuit can switch states - that is, to go from 'low' (VSS) to 'high' (VDD) or vice versa - is proportional to the voltage differential in that circuit. Reducing the voltage means that circuits switch slower, reducing the maximum frequency at which that circuit can run. This, in turn, reduces the rate at which program instructions that can be issued, which may increase run time for program segments which are sufficiently CPU-bound.
This again highlights why dynamic voltage scaling is generally done in conjunction with dynamic frequency scaling, at least for CPUs. There are complex tradeoffs to consider, which depend on the particular system, the load presented to it, and power management goals. When quick responses are needed, clocks and voltages might be raised together. Otherwise, they may both be kept low to maximize battery life.
Implementations[edit]
The 167-processor AsAP 2 chip enables individual processors to make extremely fast (on the order of 1-2ns) and locally controlled changes to their own supply voltages. Processors connect their local power grid to either a higher (VddHi) or lower (VddLow) supply voltage, or can be cut off entirely from either grid to dramatically cut leakage power.
Another approach uses per-core on-chip switching regulators for dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS).[3]
Operating system API[edit]
Unix system provides a userspace governor, allowing to modify the cpu frequencies (though limited to hardware capabilities).
System stability[edit]
Dynamic frequency scaling is another power conservation technique that works on the same principles as dynamic voltage scaling. Both dynamic voltage scaling and dynamic frequency scaling can be used to prevent computer system overheating, which can result in program or operating system crashes, and possibly hardware damage. Reducing the voltage supplied to the CPU below the manufacturer's recommended minimum setting can result in system instability.
Temperature[edit]
The efficiency of some electrical components, such as voltage regulators, decreases with increasing temperature, so the power used may increase with temperature causing thermal runaway. Increases in voltage or frequency may increase system power demands even faster than the CMOS formula indicates, and vice versa.[4][5]
Caveats[edit]
The primary caveat of overvolting is increased heat: the power dissipated by a circuit increases with the square of the voltage applied, so even small voltage increases significantly affect power. At higher temperatures, transistor performance is adversely affected, and at some threshold, the performance reduction due to the heat exceeds the potential gains from the higher voltages. Overheating and damage to circuits can occur very quickly when using high voltages.
There are also longer-term concerns: various adverse device-level effects such as hot carrier injection and electromigration occur more rapidly at higher voltages, decreasing the lifespan of overvolted components.
See also[edit]
- Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS)
- Power–delay product (PDP)
- Energy–delay product (EDP)
- Switched-mode power supply applications (SMPS) applications
References[edit]
- ^S. Mittal, 'A survey of techniques for improving energy efficiency in embedded computing systems', IJCAET, 6(4), 440–459, 2014.
- ^J. M. Rabaey. Digital Integrated Circuits. Prentice Hall, 1996.
- ^Wonyoung Kim, Meeta S. Gupta, Gu-Yeon Wei and David Brooks.'System Level Analysis of Fast, Per-Core DVFS using On-Chip Switching Regulators'.2008.
- ^Mike Chin. 'Asus EN9600GT Silent Edition Graphics Card'. Silent PC Review. p. 5. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
- ^MIke Chin. '80 Plus expands podium for Bronze, Silver & Gold'. Silent PC Review. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
Further reading[edit]
- Gaudet, Vincent C. (2014-04-01) [2013-09-25]. 'Chapter 4.1. Low-Power Design Techniques for State-of-the-Art CMOS Technologies'. In Steinbach, Bernd (ed.). Recent Progress in the Boolean Domain (1 ed.). Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 187–212. ISBN978-1-4438-5638-6. Retrieved 2019-08-04.[1] (455 pages)
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